Name and symbols. The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar from 6 February to 11 August , but this name only became mainstream after Terminology. Between and , there was no single name for the new state that gained widespread acceptance, which is the reason why the old name Deutsches Reich · Bei Handyzubehör, Ersatzteile für Handy oder Tablet sowie fachmännischer Reparatur ist Mobiltec 24 mit Artikeln eines der führenden Online - Versandhäuser Prussia was a historically prominent German state that originated in with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia on the southeast coast of the Baltic blogger.com was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in and de jure by an Allied decree in For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled
Prussia - Wikipedia
The Weimar Republic German : Weimarer Republik [ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk] listen was the German state from toas it existed as a federal constitutional republic. The state was officially the German Reich Deutsches Reichand was also referred to as the German Republic Deutsche Republik, oldenburg singleparty. The term "Weimar Republic" refers to the city of Weimarwhere the republic's constituent assembly first took place.
In English the country was usually simply called "Germany"; the term "Weimar Republic" did not become common in English until the s. After four years of hostilities in World War I from to with heavy losses, Germany was exhausted and sued for peace under desperate circumstances, oldenburg singleparty. Awareness of imminent defeat sparked revolutionthe abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm IIGermany surrendered, and the Weimar Republic was proclaimed on 9 November oldenburg singleparty From to oldenburg singleparty, the Weimar Republic suffered grave problems, such as hyperinflationpolitical extremismincluding political murders and two attempted power seizures by contending paramilitariesas well as contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War.
From toa great deal of monetary and political stability were restored, oldenburg singleparty, and the Republic enjoyed relative prosperity. Those years oldenburg singleparty sometimes called the Golden Twenties. But oldenburg singleparty global economic crisisas of Octoberoldenburg singleparty Germany exceptionally hard. High unemployment led to the collapse oldenburg singleparty the coalition government and from March various chancellors ruled through emergency powers granted by the President.
This period ended with Adolf Hitler 's appointment as chancellor on 30 January Resentment in Germany towards the Treaty of Versailles was strong, especially on the political right where there was great anger towards those who had signed and submitted to the treaty. The Weimar Republic fulfilled most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles, although it oldenburg singleparty completely met its disarmament requirements and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations by twice restructuring its debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan.
Under the Locarno Treatiessigned inGermany moved toward normalising relations with its neighbours. Germany recognised oldenburg singleparty western borders that had been established through the Versailles Treaty, oldenburg singleparty, but its eastern borders remained subject to possible revisions.
InGermany joined the League of Nations. From onwards, President Paul von Hindenburg used emergency powers to back Chancellors Heinrich Brüningoldenburg singleparty, Franz von Papen and General Kurt von Schleicher. The Great Depression, exacerbated by Brüning's policy of deflation, oldenburg singleparty, led to a surge in unemployment. Hitler's Nazi Party held two out of ten cabinet seats.
Von Papen as Vice-Chancellor was intended to be the " éminence grise " who would keep Hitler under control, using his close personal connection to Hindenburg. These intentions badly underestimated Hitler's political abilities. By the end of March, oldenburg singleparty, the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act of had used the perceived state of emergency to grant Hitler as Chancellor broad power to act outside parliamentary control, which he used to thwart constitutional governance and civil liberties.
Hitler's seizure of power Machtergreifung thus ended the republic. Democracy collapsed, and the creation of a single-party state began the dictatorship of Nazi Party.
The Weimar Oldenburg singleparty is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar from 6 February to oldenburg singleparty August[9] but this name only became mainstream after Between andthere was no single name for the new state that gained widespread acceptance, which is the reason why the old name Deutsches Reich was officially retained, oldenburg singleparty, although hardly anyone used it during the Weimar period.
The first recorded mention of the term Republik von Weimar Republic of Weimar came during a speech delivered by Adolf Oldenburg singleparty at a National Socialist German Worker's Party rally in Munich on 24 February A few weeks later, the term Weimarer Republik was first used again by Hitler in a newspaper article.
According to historian Richard J. Evans : [12]. The continued use of the term 'German Empire', Deutsches Reichby the Weimar Republic conjured up an image among educated Germans that resonated far beyond the institutional structures Bismarck created: the successor to the Roman Empire; the vision of God's Empire here on earth; the universality of its claim to suzerainty; and a more prosaic but no oldenburg singleparty powerful sense, the concept of a German state that would include all German speakers in central Europe—'one People, one Reich, oldenburg singleparty Leader', as the Nazi slogan was to put it.
The old black-red-gold tricolor was named as the national flag in the Weimar Constitution. After the dissolution of the army of the former German Empire, known as the Deutsches Heer simply "German Army" or the Reichsheer "Army of the Realm" in ; Germany's military forces consisted of irregular paramilitariesnamely the various right-wing Freikorps "Free Corps" groups composed of veterans from the war.
The Freikorps units were formally disbanded in although continued to exist in underground groupsand on 1 Januarya new Reichswehr figuratively ; Defence of the realm was created.
The Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the Reichswehr tosoldiers consisting of seven infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions10 armoured cars and a navy the Reichsmarine restricted to 36 ships in active service. No aircraft of any kind was allowed. The main advantage of this limitation, oldenburg singleparty, however, was that the Reichswehr could afford to pick the best recruits for service.
However, oldenburg singleparty, with inefficient armour and no air support, the Reichswehr would have had limited combat abilities. Privates were mainly recruited from the countryside, as it was believed that young men from cities were prone to socialist behaviour, oldenburg singleparty would fray the loyalty of the privates to their conservative officers. Although technically in service of the republic, oldenburg singleparty, the army was predominantly officered by conservative reactionaries who were sympathetic to right-wing organisations.
Hans von Seecktthe head of the Reichswehrdeclared that the army was not loyal to the democratic oldenburg singleparty, and would only defend it if it were in their interests. During the Kapp Putsch for example, the army refused to fire upon oldenburg singleparty rebels. The vulgar and turbulent SA was the Reichswehr's main opponent throughout its existence, oldenburg singleparty, openly seeking to absorb the army, and the army fired at them during the Beerhall Putsch.
With the ascendance of oldenburg singleparty SSthe Reichswehr took a softer line about the Nazis, as the SS presented itself as elitist, respectable, orderly, oldenburg singleparty, and busy reforming and dominating the police rather than the oldenburg singleparty. Intwo years after Adolf Hitler's rise to powerthe Reichswehr was renamed the Wehrmacht {"Defense Force"}.
The Wehrmacht was the unified armed forces of the Nazi regime, which consisted of the Heer armythe Kriegsmarine navy and the Luftwaffe oldenburg singleparty force. Hostilities in World War I took place between and 11 Novemberinvolved mobilisation of 70 million military personnel and resulted in over 20 million military and civilian deaths [14] exclusive of fatalities from the Spanish flu pandemicoldenburg singleparty, which accounted for millions more making it one of the largest and deadliest wars in history.
After four years of war on multiple fronts in Europe and around the world, the Allied offensive began in Augustand the position of Germany and the Central Powers deteriorated, [16] [17] oldenburg singleparty them to oldenburg singleparty for peace.
Initial offers were rejected by the Allied Powers, and Germany's position became more desperate. Awareness of impending military defeat sparked the German Revolutionproclamation of a republic on 9 November[b] [18] : 90 the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II[19] [18] : 85—86 oldenburg singleparty German surrender, oldenburg singleparty, [ citation needed ] marking the end of Imperial Germany and the beginning of the Weimar Republic, oldenburg singleparty.
In Octoberthe constitution of the German Empire was reformed to give more powers to oldenburg singleparty elected parliament. On 29 October, rebellion broke out in Kiel among sailors. There, sailors, soldiers, and workers began electing Workers' and Soldiers' Councils Arbeiter und Soldatenräte modelled after the Soviets of the Russian Revolution of The revolution spread throughout Germany, oldenburg singleparty, and participants seized military and civil powers in individual cities.
The power takeover was achieved everywhere without loss of life. At the time, the Socialist movement which represented mostly labourers was split among two major left-wing parties: the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany USPDwhich called for immediate peace negotiations and favoured a soviet-style command economy, oldenburg singleparty, and the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD also known as "Majority" Social Democratic Party of Germany MSPDwhich supported the war effort and favoured a parliamentary system.
The rebellion caused great fear in the establishment and in the middle classes because of the Soviet -style aspirations of the councils. To centrist and conservative citizens, oldenburg singleparty country looked to be on the verge of a communist revolution.
By 7 November, the revolution had reached Munichresulting in King Ludwig III of Bavaria fleeing. The MSPD decided to make use of their support at the grassroots and put themselves at the front of the movement, demanding that Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate.
When he refused, Prince Max of Baden simply announced that he had done so and frantically attempted to establish a regency under another member oldenburg singleparty the House of Hohenzollern, oldenburg singleparty. Gustav Noskea self-appointed military expert in the MSPD, was sent to Kiel to prevent any further unrest and took on the task of controlling the mutinous sailors and their supporters in the Kiel barracks.
The sailors and soldiers, inexperienced in matters of revolutionary combat, welcomed him as an experienced politician and allowed him to negotiate a settlement, thus defusing the initial anger of the revolutionaries in uniform. On 9 Novemberthe "German Republic" was proclaimed by MSPD member Philipp Scheidemann at the Oldenburg singleparty building in Berlin, to the fury of Friedrich Ebertthe leader of the MSPD, who thought that the oldenburg singleparty of monarchy or republic should be answered by a national assembly.
Two hours later, a "Free Socialist Republic" was proclaimed, 2 km 1. The proclamation was issued by Karl Liebknechtco-leader with Rosa Luxemburg of the communist Spartakusbund Spartacus Leaguea group of a few hundred oldenburg singleparty of the Russian revolution that had allied itself with the USPD in In a legally questionable act, Imperial Chancellor Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transferred his powers to Friedrich Ebert, who, shattered by the monarchy's fall, reluctantly accepted.
In view of the mass support for more radical reforms among the workers' councils, a coalition government called " Council of the People's Deputies " Rat der Volksbeauftragten was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members.
Led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD it sought to act as a provisional cabinet of ministers. But the power question was unanswered. Although the new government was confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacus League. On 11 Novemberan armistice was signed at Compiègne by German representatives. Oldenburg singleparty effectively ended military operations between the Allies and Germany.
It amounted to German oldenburg singleparty, without any concessions by the Allies; the naval blockade would continue until oldenburg singleparty peace terms were agreed. From November to JanuaryGermany was governed by the "Council of the People's Deputies", under the leadership of Ebert and Oldenburg singleparty. The Council issued a large number of decrees that radically shifted German policies, oldenburg singleparty.
It introduced the eight-hour workdaydomestic labour reform, works councils, agricultural labour reform, right of civil-service associations, oldenburg singleparty, local municipality social welfare relief split between Reich and States and national health insurance, reinstatement of demobilised workers, protection from arbitrary dismissal with appeal as a right, regulated wage agreement, and universal suffrage from 20 years of age in all types of elections—local and national.
Ebert called for a "National Congress of Councils" Reichsrätekongresswhich oldenburg singleparty place from 16 to 20 Decemberand in which the MSPD had the majority. Thus, Ebert was able to institute elections for a provisional National Assembly that would be given the task of oldenburg singleparty a democratic constitution for parliamentary government, marginalising the movement that called for a socialist republic.
To ensure his fledgling government maintained control over the country, oldenburg singleparty, Ebert made an agreement with the OHL, now led by Ludendorff's successor General Wilhelm Groener. The ' Ebert—Groener pact ' stipulated that the government would not attempt to reform the army so long as the army swore to protect the state. On the one hand, this agreement symbolised the acceptance of the new government by the military, assuaging concern among the middle classes; on the oldenburg singleparty hand, it was thought contrary to working-class interests by left wing social democrats and communists, and was also opposed by the far right who believed democracy would make Germany weaker.
The new Reichswehr armed forces, limited by the Treaty of Versailles toarmy soldiers and 15, sailors, remained fully under the control of the German officer class, despite their nominal re-organisation.
A number of other reforms were carried out in Germany during the revolutionary period. It was made harder for estates to sack workers and prevent them from leaving when they wanted to; under the Provisional Act for Agricultural Labour of 23 November the normal period of notice for management, and for most resident labourers, oldenburg singleparty, was set at six weeks, oldenburg singleparty.
In addition, a supplementary directive of December specified that female and child workers were entitled to a fifteen-minute break if they worked between four and six hours, thirty minutes for workdays lasting six to eight hours, and one hour for longer days.
A decree on 3 February removed the right of employers to acquire exemption for domestic servants and agricultural workers. With the Verordnung of 3 Februarythe Ebert government reintroduced the original structure of the health insurance boards according to an law, oldenburg singleparty, with one-third employers and two-thirds members i.
The ensuing street fighting left several dead and injured on both sides. The USPD leaders were outraged by what they believed was treachery by the MSPD, which, in their view, oldenburg singleparty, had joined with the anti-communist military to suppress the revolution.
Thus, oldenburg singleparty, the USPD left the "Council of the People's Deputies" after only seven weeks. On 30 December, the split deepened when the Communist Party of Germany KPD was formed out of a number of oldenburg singleparty left-wing groups, including the left wing of the USPD and the Spartacus League group. In Oldenburg singleparty, the Spartacus League and others in the streets of Berlin made more armed attempts to establish communism, known as the Spartacist uprising.
Those attempts were put down by paramilitary Freikorps units consisting of volunteer soldiers. Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests on 15 January. The National Assembly elections took place on 19 January It was the first time women were allowed to vote.
Weimar Republic - Wikipedia
· Bei Handyzubehör, Ersatzteile für Handy oder Tablet sowie fachmännischer Reparatur ist Mobiltec 24 mit Artikeln eines der führenden Online - Versandhäuser Prussia was a historically prominent German state that originated in with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia on the southeast coast of the Baltic blogger.com was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in and de jure by an Allied decree in For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Name and symbols. The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar from 6 February to 11 August , but this name only became mainstream after Terminology. Between and , there was no single name for the new state that gained widespread acceptance, which is the reason why the old name Deutsches Reich
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